规范依据
NORMATIVE BASIS规范命题、原文与来源 · Rule and sources收起 · Collapse展开 · Expand
规范命题与识别入口
第 62 条、必要性、停止履行、反措施相称性,以及环境保护与可持续发展。
触发事实
- 2016 Q2 展示了本规范在“广播站、条约终止与外交/领事特权”事实结构中的用法。
- 2017 Q1 展示了本规范在“跨界含水层取水与单方声明”事实结构中的用法。
- 2017 Q2 展示了本规范在“世界遗产、环境与跨界损害”事实结构中的用法。
- 2019 Q1 展示了本规范在“私营公司行为的国家责任”事实结构中的用法。
- 2019 Q2 展示了本规范在“濒危物种与环境义务”事实结构中的用法。
裁判与程序背景
Gabčíkovo–Nagymaros Project (1997)源于一项具体争端:匈牙利与捷克斯洛伐克约定在多瑙河建设和运营 Gabčíkovo–Nagymaros 水坝系统。匈牙利先暂停、后放弃工程;捷克斯洛伐克实施替代方案并单方面改道多瑙河。 法院不是先写出抽象规则再寻找事实,而是在当事方相反主张、可用证据和程序请求的限制内形成了以下命题:第 62 条、必要性、停止履行、反措施相称性,以及环境保护与可持续发展。
裁判规则原句
中文译文 · Chinese translation以下基本条件均属相关:该行为必须是因实施该行为之国家的"基本利益"受到"严重而紧迫的危险"威胁而引发的;受质疑的行为必须是维护该利益的"唯一手段";该行为不得"严重损害"义务相对国的基本利益;且实施该行为的国家不得"促成危难状态的发生"。这些条件体现了习惯国际法。
英文原文 · English[T]he following basic conditions ... are relevant: it must have been occasioned by an "essential interest" of the State which is the author of the act conflicting with one of its international obligations; that interest must have been threatened by a "grave and imminent peril"; the act being challenged must have been the "only means" of safeguarding that interest; that act must not have "seriously impair[ed] an essential interest" of the State towards which the obligation existed; and the State which is the author of that act must not have "contributed to the occurrence of the state of necessity". Those conditions reflect customary international law.
中文译文 · Chinese translation《维也纳条约法公约》第62条采用否定式和附条件的措辞,这进一步清楚表明,条约关系的稳定性要求情势根本变化的抗辩仅可在例外情形下援引。
英文原文 · EnglishThe negative and conditional wording of Article 62 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties is a clear indication moreover that the stability of treaty relations requires that the plea of fundamental change of circumstances be applied only in exceptional cases.
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