规范依据
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规范命题与识别入口
第 22 条只规定：符合第二部分第三章条件的反措施，可在相应范围内排除对责任国不履行义务的违法性。先行不法行为、受害国资格、促成履行目的、临时性、通知与协商、比例性及不得影响的义务须依第 49–54 条分别审查；反措施不是一般制裁许可，也原则上不能由未经证明具有第 48/54 条依据的第三国任意采取。
触发事实
- 2018 Q4 展示了本规范在“对 Covfefe/Ibra 的攻击、武力与 IHL”事实结构中的用法。
- 2023 Q3 展示了本规范在“单方制裁、中立与反措施”事实结构中的用法。
文书与规则背景
国家责任条款由国际法委员会在 2001 年二读通过并由联合国大会注意。它不是一项已生效条约；其中许多条款被国际法院视为习惯法的编纂，但对每一条的法律地位仍须分别论证。条款处理的是归因、违约、排除不法性及责任后果，而不是第一性实体义务本身。
本单元不是要求学生孤立背诵条号，而是掌握该条在 2018、2023 年赛题中如何改变争点结构。反复出现的裁判功能是：第 22 条只规定：符合第二部分第三章条件的反措施，可在相应范围内排除对责任国不履行义务的违法性。先行不法行为、受害国资格、促成履行目的、临时性、通知与协商、比例性及不得影响的义务须依第 49–54 条分别审查；反措施不是一般制裁许可，也原则上不能由未经证明具有第 48/54 条依据的第三国任意采取。
条文中英对照
第二十二条 针对国际不法行为的反措施 一国不履行其对另一国所负国际义务的行为，如果并且仅在该行为构成依第三部分第二章对后一国采取的反措施的范围内，其不法性即被排除。
Article 22 Countermeasures in respect of an internationally wrongful act The wrongfulness of an act of a State not in conformity with an international obligation towards another State is precluded if and to the extent that the act constitutes a countermeasure taken against the latter State in accordance with chapter II of part three.关联权威原文
ARSIWA 第49条：反措施的目的和限度
条文原文
一、受害国只可对实施国际不法行为的责任国采取反措施，以促使该国履行第二编规定的义务。二、反措施仅限于采取措施的国家暂不履行其对责任国承担的国际义务。三、反措施应尽可能以允许恢复履行有关义务的方式采取。
1. An injured State may only take countermeasures against a State which is responsible for an internationally wrongful act in order to induce that State to comply with its obligations under Part Two. 2. Countermeasures are limited to the non-performance for the time being of international obligations of the State taking the measures towards the responsible State. 3. Countermeasures shall, as far as possible, be taken in such a way as to permit the resumption of performance of the obligations in question.ARSIWA 第50条：不受反措施影响的义务
条文原文
一、反措施不得影响：（a）《联合国宪章》所载不使用威胁或武力的义务；（b）保护基本人权的义务；（c）禁止报复的人道主义性质的义务；（d）一般国际法强制性规范规定的其他义务。二、采取反措施的国家并不因此免除履行下列义务：（a）其与责任国之间适用的任何争端解决程序所规定的义务；（b）尊重外交或领事人员、馆舍、档案和文件不可侵犯性的义务。
1. Countermeasures shall not affect: (a) the obligation to refrain from the threat or use of force as embodied in the Charter of the United Nations; (b) obligations for the protection of fundamental human rights; (c) obligations of a humanitarian character prohibiting reprisals; (d) other obligations under peremptory norms of general international law. 2. A State taking countermeasures is not relieved from fulfilling its obligations: (a) under any dispute settlement procedure applicable between it and the responsible State; (b) to respect the inviolability of diplomatic or consular agents, premises, archives and documents.ARSIWA 第51条：反措施的相称性
条文原文
反措施必须与所受损害相称，同时考虑国际不法行为的严重程度和有关权利。
Countermeasures must be commensurate with the injury suffered, taking into account the gravity of the internationally wrongful act and the rights in question.ARSIWA 第52条：采取反措施的条件
条文原文
一、受害国在采取反措施前应：（a）依第四十三条要求责任国履行第二编规定的义务；（b）将采取反措施的任何决定通知责任国，并提议与该国谈判。二、尽管有第一款（b）项，受害国仍可采取为保全其权利所必要的紧急反措施。三、在下列情况下不得采取反措施；已经采取的，应不受无故拖延地暂停：（a）国际不法行为已经停止；（b）争端正在有权作出对当事方有拘束力决定的法院或法庭审理。四、责任国不善意实施争端解决程序的，不适用第三款。
1. Before taking countermeasures, an injured State shall: (a) call upon the responsible State, in accordance with article 43, to fulfil its obligations under Part Two; (b) notify the responsible State of any decision to take countermeasures and offer to negotiate with that State. 2. Notwithstanding paragraph 1(b), the injured State may take such urgent countermeasures as are necessary to preserve its rights. 3. Countermeasures may not be taken, and if already taken must be suspended without undue delay if: (a) the internationally wrongful act has ceased; and (b) the dispute is pending before a court or tribunal which has the authority to make decisions binding on the parties. 4. Paragraph 3 does not apply if the responsible State fails to implement the dispute settlement procedures in good faith.标记后，四段进度条与首页复习清单会同步更新。